Unit 6 assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit 6 assignment 2 - Essay Example Organizations that introduce the study in back pain in relation to organization processes enhances their processes and performance as back pain is a major factor leading to disability and absence at work that in turn, affects work productivity. Indeed, back pain affects employees ability to perform effectively thus affecting the overall productivity of the organization. This study is particularly relevant in addressing how back pain can lead to absenteeism and inability to do some operations hence deriving adverse effects on the productivity of the organization. More so, subject to the increasing number of individuals that complain of back pain, this study will significantly establish the correlation between back pain and work productivity. Indeed, about 70-85% of adults will have low back pain at some point in their lives (Rooney, 2008). This makes back pain a dominant compliant among the workers. As such, its effects on the productivity of an organization range from absenteeism, de lays in deadlines and deliverables, high operation costs, and low productivity. Hence, the study on finding solutions to back pain is quite significant as it will increase workplace productivity, and reduce sick-leave absence. The researcher predicted the results of this doctoral study to influence positive social change by improving employee productivity, lowering cases of absenteeism, and increasing effectiveness in the organization. Indeed, back pain has a direct relationship with the worker’s ability and availability to participate effectively in operations of an organization. As such, by raising awareness on the probable way of preventing and controlling back pain in an organization, it would encourage workers to adopt the yoga exercises to curb back pain. Ultimately, this will increase the worker’s participation and working years in the organization that results to a better retirement benefits. Moreover, the resultant increased productivity would guarantee

Human Resources Development - Kindred Todd and the Ethics of OD Essay

Human Resources Development - Kindred Todd and the Ethics of OD - Essay Example The fundamental differences in the two individuals have significantly contributed to tribulation of the firm. The first kind of dilemma between the two is based on the needs; it has become clear that the two have different need that cannot be harmonized. Values, goals, abilities, and skills between the two individuals also bear significant difference (Cummings and Worley, 65). It is also difficult to address the difference that exists and come up with a rational resolution. Attempts to come up with such will only results into conflicts and ambiguity. Interestingly both the client and the practitioners are not clear and knowledgeable about what their responsibilities should be. Hypothetical solution are not necessary in this case, it takes a careful diagnosis of the problems to come up with a lasting solution to the problem. In situations with competing interest, it will be appreciated that coming u with a solution is difficult. Nonetheless, in this case, I will have to identify the source of the problem that contributes to the states of dilemma individually and give them specific attention. The two individuals need to reconcile so that they do not manifest any difference in what they do and partake on. This can be done through ensuring that the roles, needs and the skills of the toe individuals do not overlap and that they are independent of one another. There has to be a complete separation of the two in relation to all possible avenues of overlap. If this is done, it will be possible that the two individuals will have to operate with degrees of independency and freedom. Most of the problems realized in the institution are occasioned by unclear determination of the relation between the client and the practitioner. This strategy I am sure will have clarity in the system and avoid unnecessary pushing an d shoving between the two personalities.

Processes for the Classification of Organisms

Processes for the Classification of Organisms Classification of living organisms is the process of identifying, naming and sorting organisms in groups, based on their comparable genetic composition, similar characteristics, like development, certain growth requirements or that are found in only specific locations. Classification is like a short hand for scientists to improve understanding of behaviours, lives and the evolutionary advance of billions of life forms. Classification also allows communication between people regarding living organisms. Classification of many species, old and new, continues to be fiercely disputed as scientists find new information or interpret facts in different ways. Arguments between professionals in the field are vicious and as a result of new technologies sometimes species do change names, but only after an abundance of information has been gathered to support such a large change.   Ã‚   Throughout history we have gone from having originally only two kingdoms, to three, then four, five and now currently six. It is a constantly evolving process and due to the continuous development of new technologies such as DNA testing, electron microscopes and molecular sequencing there will almost certainly be more kingdoms in time to come (Lee and Bishop 2010). The classification system was born through the works of the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384-322 BC). Aristotle had the foresight to document the differences he noted between objects that appeared to be living into two separate categories: plants and animals. Plants were observed to be primarily green in colour and were immobile and as such it seemed they must make their own food, whilst animals were mobile and could therefore move around and find food (Lee and Bishop 2010). In the 18th century, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus refined the existing classification system of Aristotle and published a new method for classifying living things which has evolved into the modern day classification system. (Science Hub, accessed 18/2/2017) Linnaeus was the first scientist to develop a hierarchal naming structure that conveyed information both about what the species what else it me be relatives to through family grouping. Linnaeus system was able to communicate the intricate relationships between organisms to scientists worldwide and is why it was so widely accepted. Similarly to Aristotle, Linnaeus also acknowledged the differences between the two living groups and adopted the term Kingdoms to describe them. In the late 1670s a scientist named Van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacterial cells with the first microscope (Lee and Bishop, 2010). As scientists began using the microscope they were able to now evaluate single-celled organisms that had been previously unknown. These single cell organisms were classified as either plants or animals depending on the qualities they were found to have. Some single celled organisms identified were bacteria which where classified as animals. Other single-celled organisms that appeared to make their own food were classified as plants. Single cell protozoa were identified and amongst the properties of protozoa it was identified that could move on their own, as such, they were classified as animals. As more single-celled organisms were identified, many would not fit easily into either the plant or the animal kingdom as some had traits of both plants and animals. As a result, scientists could not agree on how to classify them. To address this problem, in 1866, b iologist Ernst Haeckel created a third kingdom for all single-celled organisms. This third Kingdom he named Protista (Burton and Engelkirk, 2000). In 1892 two scientists Beijerinck and Ivanoski also discovered the first viruses. Viruses however were not included in the classification system because they are not living cells (Lee and Bishop, 2010). Haeckels Protist Kingdom represented all of the known single-celled organisms, including both bacteria and protozoa. However it wasnt until the 1900s with the refinement of microscope technology that scientists discovered that bacteria were dissimilar from both plant and animal cells but also protozoa. The bacterial cell does not contain a nucleus, rather its DNA is located in the cytoplasm of the cell. Figures 1 and 2 demonstrate the differences between a bacterial cell with no nucleus and an animal cell which contains a nucleus (Modern Classification Systems accessed 20/2/2017). In the 1920s, microbiologist Edouard Chatton gave bacteria the name prokaryotes. He described a prokaryote as an organism whose cells were without nuclei. He gave the name eukaryotes to all other organisms (Caprette, accessed 7/2/2017). Chatton suggested placing prokaryotes and eukaryotes in a new taxon above the kingdom, called the Superkingdom. However, this idea did not become popular, and most biologists continued to put bacteria in the protist kingdom. Over the next several decades, scientists learned more about the large number and variety of microorganisms such as bacteria. They considered a need for a distinct bacteria kingdom. By 1956, biologist Herbert Copeland suggested placing bacteria in a new kingdom called Monera. With the addition of the Monera kingdom, the Linnaean taxonomy converted to a four-kingdom system. The next large development in the kingdom classification structure came in the 1960s. Robert Whittaker, an ecologist, planned to add a fifth kingdom to the Linnaean taxonomy to represent fungi. Up until this time fungi had been categorized into the plant kingdom. Whittaker separated fungi from plants on the basis that fungi do not make their own food but gain nutrients by breaking down dead organisms. He also proposed Kingdom Prokaryotae (as an extra to Monera) to include all of the prokaryotes, which were all considered to be bacteria (Freedman, 2006). By the 1970s, scientists had begun to classify organisms in ways that reflected evolutionary relationships. (Lewis, accessed 21/2/2017) They had also started using nucleic acid base arrangements to identify these relationships. These organisms are so small that they have limited physical qualities however nucleic acid sequence data are useful for studying bacteria. Examination of bacterial nucleic acid sequences has demonstrated that bacteria include two separate groups of organisms. Using genetics to compare and contrast the different bacteria Carl Woese, a microbiologist, proposed there were both true bacteria and ancient bacteria. The two different types of bacteria were found to have different ways of creating energy. Unlike true bacteria, ancient bacteria get energy from a wide variety of unusual sources, such as hydrogen, metal ions and ammonia, and their cell membranes have a different structure, with ether-linked fats instead of the ester-linked fats found in the membranes of true bacteria. (Burton, Engelkirk Paul, 2000) and the ancient bacteria could also endure severe environments and temperatures. The two groups were called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Both Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are in the prokaryotic kingdom (Bird et al. 2014). However perhaps in time their classification will diversify into two separate kingdoms. The process of classification itself is constantly evolving and is forever under construction, with the discovery of new organisms all the time; which invariably leads to more taxonomic groups being created. When new organisms are discovered they may not fit into a specific group, therefore a new group may need to be created. The discovery of the true and ancient bacteria lead the question that as new discoveries are made with advancing DNA, and molecular sequencing technology there will almost certainly be the classification not only of a sixth Kingdom but several more Kingdoms in the future. Bibliography History of Taxonomy Ricky, Lewis  http://www.biologyreference.com/Ta-Va/Taxonomy-History-of.html  Last Accessed Tuesday 21 February 2017   Modern Classification Systems CK-12s High School Biology textbook  https://opencurriculum.org/5366/modern-classification-systems/  Last Accessed Monday 20th February 2017 Power point SCB61 Biodiversity and Connectedness Trinity Christian School  Last Accessed Friday 10th February 2017 Experimental Biosciences, Resources for introductory intermediate level laboratory courses. David R. Caprette, Rice University.  http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/invertebrates/kingdoms.html  Last Accessed 7 February 27, 2017 The six Kingdoms,  http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/  Last Accessed 7 February 2017 The Applications and Limitations of Taxonomy (In classification of organisms) An anthology of Current Thought.  Published 2006, Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. Copyright 2006. First Edition.  Edited by Jeri Freedman. Nelson Biology Units 1 2 For the Australian Curriculum. First Edition  Bird Stephen, Borger Pam, Evergreen Merrin, Martin Genevieve, Pappas Xenia, Walker Katrina, Woolnough Jim, Wright Jane,  Published by Nelson, 2014. Microbiology for the Health Sciences, Sixth Edition  Burton R.W G, Engelkirk G. Paul.  Published by Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2000. Microbiology and infection control for health professionals. Fourth Edition.Lee Gary, Bishop Penny  Published by Pearson Publishing, 2010. Science learning hub Classification System. The university of Waikato https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1438-classification-system Carl Woese, a microbiologist, proposed there were both true bacteria and ancient bacteria Last Accessed 18 February 2017

A Comparison Between A Coy Mistress and To The Virgins Essay examples -

A Comparison Between A Coy Mistress and To The Virgins ====================================================== Both Andrew Marvell and Robert Herrick who are writing in the 17th Century which was in the Romantic period and both poems are about love. This comparison ties both poems closely together as well as their identical themes of time running out. Herrick’s poem â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time† is essentially a general argument that everyone who has not yet found love should make the most of the short time they have alive and marry someone as soon as possible. The idea of Marvell’s poem is to get his mistress into bed with him. This means that there will be a contrast at points of the poem where some conclusion is reached. Herrick’s poem is much shorter than Marvell’s and therefore his point is brought across in two metaphors to express it and then a conclusion which drives it home. â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† on the other hand comprises of 3 large verses. The first one is humorous supposedly to break down the barrier between him and the girl who the poem is for, the second is used to shock his reader to convince her that she should come with him and the third verse is an actively persuasive conclusion which tells her that he is the only logical choice for her to take. This means that the short four stanza Herrick poem which is composed entirely of evidence and persuasion to back up his point compares closely to Marvell’s who is also persuading his mistress and leaving her no room to defy his argument. In Herrick’s poem, he uses a metaphor of a flower which may be at full bloom and beautiful today but then tomorrow it will be wilting and dying by which he means that the young virgins may be bea... ...ll wants (i.e. to seduce his mistress). This poem is written in rhyming couplets which for most of the poem gives it a melodic persuasiveness however on line 24, which ends with the word eternity does not rhyme with the line above ending with the word lie. This is designed to interrupt the beat of the poem and to disturb the reader so that this word eternity is emphasised and proves the point that when she dies, it will be for ever. Both Herrick and Marvell are male poets from the same romantic period in the 17th Century and therefore the context and language used in their poems are relatively similar. It is also probably since Herrick was a major influence in the poetic world at the time – that Marvell has read â€Å"To the Virgins† and both authors will therefore have comparative ideas for example the theme of time which features so strongly in both poems.

Does Internet Enhance or Reduce Social Interaction Essay

Papers like HomeNet publications have been following the effects, positive or negative of Internet on its users. The findings are interesting as it reports both positive and negative results. Initially the effect was negative on those who relied heavily on internet for communication. However that scenario has changed with time. Current studies no longer show the overall negative effects of the past. Using internet to communicate with families and friends as well as being involved in community activities has been on the rise. Negative effects are generally experienced by people with less support economically and introverts and positive effects experienced by people with good social resources and extraverts. Some people who have integrated internet into their ordinary lives have generally benefited, but they now experience new social problems. These problems are highlighted in this discussion in depth and a summary made in a table. Those internet users who find communication important, have good reason to expect that Internet has positive social impact on their lives. For such people communication, including contact with neighbors, friends, and family, and participation in social groups, improves their level of social support. To them interacting with internet gives them fulfilling personal relationships, a sense of meaning in life, and commitment to social norms with their communities. Their psychological and physical well-being (Diener et al. 1999; Cohen and Wills 1985; Mirowsky and Ross 1989;). They think through the use of internet for communication, they could have important positive social effects on individuals (McKenna and Bargh 2000), groups, organizations (Sproull and Kiesler 1991), and communities (Hampton and Wellman 2000), including society at large (Dertouzos 1997; Hilts). Just like the telephone did, they think broad social access could increase people’s social involvement, and facilitate formation of new relationships (Fischer 1992; Wellman 1996). People who are generally isolated could find new social identity and commitment (Katz and Aspden 1997). Isolated members of communities could participate in group organizations at a distance (Sproull and Kiesler 1991). Internet is also handy for political mobilization (Bonchek 1997). Whether Internet has positive or negative social impact depend upon the quality of the people online, their activities and what they give up to spend time online. Stronger social ties generally lead to better social outcomes than do weaker ties (Wellman and Wortley 1990). As we go through the discussion we find that the ease in communication that internet offers has encouraged people so much that they now spend more time alone, talking online with strangers and very little time with their communities. Increasingly people are connecting to each other through the internet, and looked at positively, one would say internet has increased the frequency of communication among its users. There are pertinent issues to look at today regarding our social interaction compared with the past: †¢ Has our social relation one-to-one improved or diminished? †¢ Has it provided more evidence of the difference between our virtual self and real self? †¢ Has our group interaction improved or diminished? Users of internet are socially withdrawn because they are most of the time lonely and hooked onto the net. Research has found that the more people are online, the more they become socially isolated ( James E. Katz). The study further shows that people who are constantly online the more they become isolated from social life and that there is a relationship between depression, stress and strength in social ties created by extensive use of the internet. This on the extreme can weaken the social ties that people normally have. Robert Kraut who is a researcher in the field and professor in the Department of Communication at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N. J. is the leading author of the study. However the finding has been seriously challenged as inadequate and lacking in rigor. The critiques say there needed to have been a control group used for comparison purposes and that the sample size was too small. On the contrary, computer experts are quoted as saying internet has greatly increased their human interaction. They say that they can now meet more people than ever before. But sociology experts say this is more a manifestation of people in a state of denial than the truth. But the truth is that there are two divergent views about computers and its social effect on people. Hoffman and partner Tom Novak at Vanderbilt University’s Project 2000 have for example have conducted a collaborate research with Georgia Institute of Technology in which they find many web users find the net browsing enriching and satisfying and that they are usually left in a happy state of mind far from being depressed. Philip Aspden, executive director of the Center for Research on the Information Society, surveyed 2,500 Internet users and found no evidence of social withdrawal. The study found that online participants are no less likely to join religious, leisure or any community organized activities than people who aren’t online. Virtual interaction is the norm in internet activities. People using portable computers can work in one office, one project without necessarily being physically in a place. They could be several kilometers away and do everything together that they could do in one environment, one office, and location. They can talk and hold meetings and discussions together. Internet has made the world look like a one local village. The issue is what is the social implication of this arrangement? Is it positive or negative socially? The answer is positive because the physical location can be anywhere most convenient for the individual. It can be your house / study room, supermarket; or inside your car. People work better when they operate from premises of their liking. Negative because supervision, control, co-ordination and monitoring becomes difficult. People find such arrangements new and odd though not necessarily bad socially. With time we shall be used to it and our sense of belonging will change. In this discussion we try to bring into focus the positive and negative social impact of internet. However we seem to agree that internet users have more social problems than usual. They are among other things withdrawn from normal social life and in virtual solitude as is commonly known. It is interesting to hear what some of these people say. Please allow me to quote some experiences from people who use internet. â€Å"Every time I go through the process it seems more and more like a religious ritual. When I reflect that I am connected to thousands or millions of people across the world, I forget that I am seated in a solitary confine of my computer room. I admit it is a strange feeling, one that I really like to the extent that I forget the social pleasure I normally find socializing with people outside there. Sometimes I also get frightened that I am beginning to like my computer mediated communication (CMC) better than talking with most real people with whom I come into daily contact face to face. Though I find it sad to say, I have never enjoyed serious discussions before where people say what is in their heart. Social opportunities and even academic opportunities for such discussions are dwindling. Our culture has become more and more trivial and superficial. † Through CMC people can find intellectual stimulation. It is easily available and comfortable. But the human touch is more natural and more satisfying. We are social animals and we need to meet and chart. Intellectualism has its time just as social life also has its time. The other negative aspect of internet is privatization which was introduced by Marshall McLuhan. This theory states that as entertainment and information becomes readily available to people, they are less likely to seek them outside their homes. As that happens, social interaction is becoming less and less frequent. We can select the people to talk to and use special words and mode of communication. Soon we shall be out of touch with the real world where we have different type of people needing different types of communication. My entertainment, amusement, and even communication have become private rather than public. Family people have very little time for each other because they spend all that time on the net. The young ones are the most affected. During the day, they are out in school and their parents are out for work. When they come home they cannot meet either, because everybody is busy with internet. When will they talk or learn from the parents one would ask? All that they imitate are programs from the internet, some very weird indeed. As parents we might overlook and despise the experience we got through social interaction with our peer groups and communities while we were young. It taught us to be at peace with our environment. In this environment there is richness found in diversity. The diversity found in behavior and culture of its people. We come to be more informed that the world is made of both order and disorder and become equipped to handle both occurrences. That is how we have been molded to be strong and resilient. The world of internet is denying our children that freedom and experience. Children never play together at home and very little in school. Computer mediated communication CMC is a new phenomenon in the computer world. There are other technologies more commonly used such as e-mail and interactive chat on the internet. These modes of communication have both bad and good sides. They have made communication, fast, easy and affordable. The physical location of the people we communicate to is no longer a barrier. We talk to people anytime anywhere by a mere touch of a button. When we play with our peers and join social clubs we meet people and friends and that is healthy for our body and mind. We are able to do some exercise which our body needs to avoid aging. We use our bodies more than our minds. To conclude my analysis on the effects of the internet talking about pornographic ideologies is no new phenomena as it is one of the high condemned vices of the internet as it is being used in all ways. Income generating activities, a source of employment to others but highly exploitative and seriously abusive in all ways, it ranges from child pornography to adult pornography.

How Apple Managed to Reinvent Itself over the Years

Apple Computers: Research on how Apple Managed to Reinvent Itself over the Years Apple computer Inc. currently known with the brand name Apple Inc. is a global corporation that makes end-users electrical products, computer programs, and marketable servers. The company’s main merchandise lines are iPod tune entertainers, iphone, and Macintosh. Apple Inc founders were Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs who integrated the company on January 3,1977 in California (Young & Simon, 2005). Apple has been predominantly a manufacturer of laptops for example Macintosh, Power Mac, and Apple 1. In the 1990’s, the company faced unsteady vending and stumpy market. During that time Steve Jobs had been expelled but later in 1986, he returned to the company and became the CEO. Apple Corporation purchased another company called neXT and Jobs instilled fresh company policy of identifiable goods and simple devices. In 2001, the iPod melody player became successful making the company the leader in the customers’ electronic business (Sutherland, Ed, 2010). Apple Inc. has had its successes and failures. In 1980, the introduction of Apple 11 was the beginning and the representation of the computer uprising during that period. Although the company had many competitors like the Commodore PET, this product defeated all other products and rapidly personified the other computers in the public awareness. It was highly advertised and its sales increased for three years consecutively. The Apple 11 had an attractive design, incorporated keyboard; ability to plug into any electronic devices like TVs making it successful. Its success was highly motivated by a program called VisiCalc, an initial spreadsheet to surface in the market (Young & Simon, 2005). The company was developing at an unbelievable quick rate. In spite of the achievements, Macintosh auctions started to fall following a hopeful beginning, and internal troubles affected the company. Power struggle among partitions persisted, and deprived account trailing brought about overproduction. Steve jobs introduced a new product in the market called Lisa named after his daughter. After his appointment in Xerox PARC, the venture Lisa became a distress too. The major challenge was to plan a real product. The company had also suffered a big blow due to the CEO’s bad publicity. The company was later re-organized. In 1980, Apple 111 became a catastrophe in the market because of many flaws. Lisa too was a disappointment to the company. Accepting to go public, Apple Inc. became successful again. Some of the successes related directly to the company’s culture are its ability to stand out even over other competitors like IBM because of its initiators. The company has a status of nurturing individualism and distinction that dependably draws skilled people to its employment especially after Steve Job’s return to the company. The company’s slogans and logos too have influenced its success. Apple Inc. merchandise commercial increased its reputation for initiating musicians into prominence (Sutherland, Ed, 2010). The company has also experienced product loyalty from its users. In conclusion, Apple Inc formerly known as Apple computer Inc. s an international company, which formulates consumers’ electrical products, computer programs, and viable servers with some of its products including iPod tune entertainers, iphone, and Macintosh. The Apple Inc. has gone through some of its successes and failures. Introduction of Apple 11 in 1980 was the commencement and the image of the computer unrest throughout that era. The company has also enjoyed its success because of various attributes such as its motto, symbol, the compa ny’s ability to raise celebrities to recognition, and the loyalty portrayed by some of the company’s consumers. Some of the failures experienced by the company were the introduction of Apple 111, Lisa project, and the continuous change of management. References Sutherland, Ed (October 29, 2010). Apple Tops Microsoft Revenue in Third Quarter. Retrieved from http://www. cultofmac. com/apple-tops-microsoft-revenue-in-third-quarter/66698. Young, Jeffrey; William L. Simon (2005). ICon Steve Jobs: The greatest second act in the history of business. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Jane Hodgson vs Minnesota essays

Jane Hodgson vs Minnesota essays Title: Dr. Jane Hodgson v. Minnesota U.S. 417 Legal Issue: Whether or not Dr. Jane Hodgson actions were justifiable and if Minnesotas law against abortion is unconstitutional. Facts: According to Minnesota law Dr. Jane Hodgson performed an illegal abortion on April 29, 1970 on a Nancy Kay Widmyer. Dr. Jane Hodgson believed that the constitutional right of privacy "is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy." She was arrested, tried and convicted of breaking Minnesota law on abortions. Arguments: The Minnesota law on abortions was infringing on the rights of privacy. If whether or not a few cells could be considered a human or not, Dr Hodgson was more concerned with the mother than a few cells in the body which would have let to life. The difficult life a baby with birth defects would have to live with it and the troubles the family would have to go through dealing with the child. Counter Argument: Against Minnesota law. Judgment: Chief Judge Edward J. Devitt, Judge Charles J. Vogel, along with Judge Philip Neville split 2-1. Judge Vogel dissented without leaving behind an opinion. While the other two judges verdict indicted Dr. Hodgson. The United States Supreme Court denied the appeal, because they did not want to interfere with a subject such as abortion. After the case of Roe v. Wade Dr. Hodgsons indictment was reversed. Holding: The state supreme courts Judges were strict Catholics making their opinion tainted. The state believed federal judges shouldnt interfere with state decisions. Roe v. Wade proves that a right to a womans privacy "is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy." Dr. Hodgson also argued out a case proving that it would be socially and family destructive if teens must tell their parents of their abortions 48 hours before. The la ...

Responsibilities of an Expert Witnesses

Responsibilities of an Expert Witnesses Free Online Research Papers The following memorandum is provided explain your duties and responsibilities as an expert witness appearing in the Supreme Court of Victoria. Below I have refereed to the relevant provisions contained in the Supreme Court Rules, Practice Notes, Codes of Conduct (all of which are attached) as well as numerous common law examples in order to provide you with a general overview of your expectations and responsibilities as an expert witness. Expertise Rule The court requires that as an expert witness, you posses the relevant qualifications and experience necessary to demonstrate that you are an expert in the subject in which you are being asked to express an opinion, (refer to Order 44.01 Supreme Court (General civil procedure) Rules 2005 for a definition of â€Å"expert.†). Experts obtain a privileged position among witnesses in the court system. They are allowed to present specialist evidence in the form of opinion in much broader circumstances than the lay witness. This is so long as the opinion is bona fide, or involves a matter squarely falling within the expert’s expertise. In addition to this, it is vital to ensure that your observations do not cross your barrier of expertise. I refer you to the cases of Peisley v R (1990) and R v MacKenney Pinfold(1983), in which an expert opinion was dismissed for this very reason. Furthermore, in Duke Group Ltd v Pilmer (1998) , Mullighan J was very critical of the expertis e of an accountant on the basis that he had never been called upon to value businesses such as merchant banking or insurance broking (relevant in this case), nor had he practiced as an accountant in such businesses. This led him to conclude that the accountant involved did not warrant sufficient expertise in regards to the issue in which he was offered as an expert witness. Therefore, please ensure that you do not discuss issues that evidently fall outside the scope of what the court would consider you to be qualified. This rule was well summed up in R v Beland (1987) who stated that â€Å"the function of an expert is to provide for the jury proved facts in a field in which the expert witness possesses special knowledge and experience going beyond that of the trier of fact.† It is also worth noting that no scope exists for expert evidence where an ordinary person is capable of forming a correct view on a particular subject. For example, it is obvious that the court would not require an expert accountant like yourself to add and subtract simple number values. Acting Impartially As an expert witness, there are various roles that you, or the party retaining you, may wish to adopt. However, the Code of Conduct, Form 44A(1) states that those who are engaged as an expert witness have a paramount obligation to assist the court, rather than the party retaining them (see also s.11.2 Practice Note 2004) I therefore advise that you refrain from misrepresenting your expertise in order to assist the party to which you have been appointed, often refereed to as a â€Å"hired gun.† Conceivably, someone who misguidedly believes that his/her duty is to adopt an ethical stance for their own, or for their parties, private purpose, may embrace the â€Å"hired gun† role. However, whilst a lawyer may have a duty to argue for a standpoint he or she does not personally believe in, this is completely contrary to the role of an expert witness. It should be clear by now that the only role suitable to adopt as an expert witness is that of an educator. This involves providing the court and the jury with the appropriate knowledge and information relevant to the particular case in which the ordinary person would be unacquainted. An issue often raised by expert witnesses relates to the extent to which a legal party may assist in forming their expert opinions and assumptions. The foremost principal is for the expert witness to ensure that their independence is not at any stage undermined. I refer you to the case of Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v Sharman Licence Holdings Ltd (2005), which involved a solicitor amending the draft report provided to him by an expert witness. An investigation of this claim led to Wilcox J concluding that the expert was willing to concede his independence for the sake of the party retaining him, therefore forbidding the expert’s opinion to be relied on in any contentious matter. Please note that providing your solicitor with a draft report to ensure that no facts or assumptions have been falsely relied on is, by all means, acceptable. Due to the above statements, I strongly advise that regardless of any pressure placed on you from a legal party, you uphold your independence at all times. If not, the court is likely to identify any bias through further expert reports from the opposing party or during cross-examination. The court may also order that the opposing party be entitled to all notes, drafts and emails between the expert and the legal team retaining them in order to determine whether the independence of the expert has been undermined. In addition to this, the expert shall disclose any bias or conflict of interest that may arise. If the above advice is ignored, it may inevitably lead to your credibility and reputation as a future expert witness being severely tarnished. Should any doubt arise in the above matter, I advise that you ask yourself the question, would my expert opinion have been unaffected had the opposing party retained my expert knowledge to enhance their case? If the answer is no, then you must seriously consider your credibility as an expert witness. Reports and Conference Order 44.03(2), s11.3, Form 44A(3) of the Supreme Court Rules, Practice Notes and Codes of Conduct (respectively) each contain provisions stating that an expert witness is to submit a report stating their opinion no later than 30 days before the trial. Along with providing your name, address and qualifications, the report must acknowledge that the code of conduct has been read and adhered to. If such acknowledgement is absent, the expert evidence will be deemed invalid. The fundamental aspect of the expert report requires that you state the facts and assumptions on which each opinion is based. It is imperative that the provisions mentioned above and stated in the attachments are vigilantly abided by. This is as s44.05 of the Supreme Court (General civil procedure) Rules 2005 disallows any further evidence (except by leave of the court, consent by affected parties or through cross-examination) to be heard during the trial unless contained within the report. If an expressed opinion in the report is inaccurate, incomplete or not a concluded opinion (due insufficient research or data, etc), this must be stated via a declaration to be included in the report. This is as Judges will no longer accept an expert opinion without a critical and independent evaluation. If, for a variety of different reasons, the report is amended by the expert at any stage of the proceeding, that change of opinion is to be made known to the party which has retained your services and ,when appropriate, to the court. Order 44.06, s11.6 and Form 44A(5) of the Supreme Court Rules, Practice Notes and Codes of Conduct (respectively) contain provisions allowing the court to direct all expert witnesses involved in a case to confer before the trail. I highly recommend that you familiarise yourself with these provisions, as a conference is most likely to be ordered if 2 or more expert opinions are obtained. The experts participating in the conference are required to provide a joint report detailing matters in which they agree, disagree and a summary of the reasons for disagreement. It is vital that all experts in attendance of the conference are acting independently, without any influential assistance from either party involved in the trial (refer to s.11.6(a) and (b) of the Practice Notes attached). Legal representatives shall only play a role in the conference if directed by the court. I refer you to the case of Phosphate Co-operative Co. of Australia Pty Ltd v Shears (1989). This case involved seve ral expert accountants that remained in frequent contact with their legal representatives, and were thus prepared to alter their expert opinions in a favourable fashion towards the party retaining them. Due to this, the expert reports were not permitted as suitable evidence to be admitted in the trial. While this case involved the expert accountants being influenced in their report writing rather than during a conference, the primary principal derived from the case was that care needs to be taken to ensure that the independence of the expert is not unlawfully violated at any time. The basis rule and awareness of the facts The facts upon which an expert opinion is based must be available for scrutiny by the Courts. It is not expected that a court act upon an opinion, the basis for which is not explained by the witness expressing it. For an experts view to contain value, the court expects that the facts of their opinion be proved by acceptable means or to state unequivocally the presumptions as to the facts on which the opinion is based. This point was highlighted by Priestley JA in Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001) who stated that â€Å"the expert must either prove by admissible ways the facts on which the opinion is based, or state unambiguously the assumption as to the fact on which the opinion is based. For example, Bugg v Day (1949) involved an expert witness being criticised as he reached a conclusion in regards to the speed of a vehicle without the necessary data. Furthermore, it is imperative that the expert witness, either through the party retaining them or some other means, be educated and informed in relation to the facts and circumstances of the case. The above notion was discussed in Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001) and Ronchi v Portland Smelter Services (2005) (which I strongly recommend for further discussion on the following issues). These cases raised the issue of the expert being able to identify the facts of the case relied upon in order to form their opinion. For example, the Full Federal Court in Arnotts Ltd v Trade Practices Commission (1990) stated that Dr Williams, appearing as an expert witness, failed to identify the facts of the case in which his opinion was based. This is as other material presented in the case, in which Dr Williams may not have been aware of, may have altered his expert opinion if they were known. Further, Eames J.A stated in Ronchi that the court does not require the expert to reveal wh at they were told in order to determine its truth, rather it is to identify how the expert reached his/her opinion. Before the court can assess the value of an opinion, it must know the facts upon which it is based. If the expert has been misinformed about the facts or has taken irrelevant facts into consideration, the opinion is likely to be insignificant. Therefore, it is crucial that as an expert witness, you familiarise yourself with the facts of the case, in order for the court to be able to distinguish on what basis the expert opinion is founded. At this stage it is worth noting that an expert witness is not to express his/her opinion on the very question on which the court itself is obliged to decide. The expert cannot give an opinion as to the ultimate fact that the court has to decide. Put simply, judges decide case, not experts. Read in conjunction with the attachments I have included (which I urge that you read and familiarise yourself with), this memorandum shall provide you with the knowledge of the duties that an expert witness owes to the Supreme Court. If you wish to further discuss any of the issues raised, I would advise that you contact the legal party that has retained your services. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cairns B Australian Civil Procedure 6th edition Pyrmont NSW (2005). Freckleton I, Hugh S Expert Evidence; law, practice procedure and advocacy (2005) Lawbook.Co, NSW Gillies H. Law of Evidence in Australia. Pyrmont, NSW (2003) Golvan G, Each to their own: Addressing the problem of expert witnesses partially (2006) 80(9) Law Institute Journal. Walters J.M Expert Witnesses that make a difference, Law Society of Western Australia (1997). Websites www.austlii.com.au Legislation Supreme Court (General civil procedure) rules (2005). Supreme Court (General civil procedure) rules (2005), Codes of Conduct. Supreme Court of Victoria â€Å"Practice Note No.4 of 2004† Commercial List. Cases (where primary legal source has been cited) Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001)52 NSWLR 705 Ronchi v Portland Smelter Services (2005) VSCA 83 Research Papers on Responsibilities of an Expert WitnessesCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseQuebec and CanadaThree Concepts of PsychodynamicDefinition of Export Quotas

Geography of the Rocky Mountains

Geography of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains are a large mountain range located in the western part of North America in the United States and Canada. The Rockies as they are also known, pass through northern New Mexico and into Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. In Canada, the range stretches along the border of Alberta and British Columbia. In total, the Rockies stretch for over 3,000 miles (4,830 km) and form the Continental Divide of North America. Additionally, because of their large presence in North America, water from the Rockies supplies about  ¼ of the United States. Most of the Rocky Mountains are undeveloped and is protected by national parks like the Rocky Mountain National Park in the U.S. and local parks like the Banff National Park in Alberta. Despite their rugged nature though, the Rockies are a popular tourist destination for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping skiing, fishing, ​and snowboarding. In addition, the high peaks of the range make it popular for mountain climbing. The highest peak in the Rocky Mountains is Mount Elbert at 14,400 feet (4,401 m) and is located in Colorado. Geology of the Rocky Mountains The geologic age of the Rocky Mountains varies based on location. For example, the youngest parts were uplifted 100 million to 65 million years ago, whereas the older parts rose 3,980 million to 600 million years ago. The rock structure of the Rockies consists of igneous rock as well as sedimentary rock along its margins and volcanic rock in localized areas. Like most mountain ranges, the Rocky Mountains have also been affected by severe erosion which has caused the development of deep river canyons as well as intermountain basins such as the Wyoming Basin. In addition, the last glaciation which occurred during the Pleistocene Epoch and lasted from about 110,000 years ago until 12,500 years ago also caused erosion and the formation of glacial U-shaped valleys and other features such as Moraine Lake in Alberta, throughout the range. Human History of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains have been home to various Paleo-Indian tribes and more modern Native American tribes for thousands of years. For example, there is evidence that Paleo-Indians may have hunted in the region as far back as 5,400 to 5,800 years ago based on rock walls they constructed to trap game like the now-extinct mammoth. European exploration of the Rockies did not begin until the 1500s when the Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado entered the region and changed the Native American cultures there with the introduction of horses, tools, and diseases. In the 1700s and into the 1800s, exploration of the Rocky Mountains was mainly focused on fur trapping and trading. In 1739, a group of French fur traders encountered a Native American tribe that called the mountains the Rockies and after that, the area became known by that name. In 1793, Sir Alexander MacKenzie became the first European to cross the Rocky Mountains and from 1804 to 1806, the Lewis and Clark Expedition was the first scientific exploration of the mountains. Settlement of the Rocky Mountain region then began in the mid-1800s when Mormons began to settle near the Great Salt Lake in 1847, and from 1859 to 1864, there were several gold rushes in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia. Today, the Rockies are mostly undeveloped but tourism national parks and small mountain towns are popular, and agriculture and forestry are major industries. In addition, the Rockies are abundant in natural resources like copper, gold, natural gas, and coal. Geography and Climate of the Rocky Mountains Most accounts say that the Rocky Mountains stretch from the Laird River in British Columbia to the Rio Grande in New Mexico. In the U.S., the eastern edge of the Rockies forms a sharp divide as they rise abruptly out of the interior plains. The western edge is less abrupt as several sub-ranges like the Wasatch Range in Utah and the Bitterroots in Montana and Idaho lead up to the Rockies. The Rockies are significant to the North American continent as a whole because the Continental Divide (the line which determines whether water will flow to the Pacific or the Atlantic Ocean) is in the range. The general climate for the Rocky Mountains is considered highland. Summers are usually warm and dry but mountain rain and thunderstorms can occur, while winters are wet and very cold. At high elevations, precipitation falls as heavy snow in the winter. Flora and Fauna of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains are very biodiverse and has various types of ecosystems. However, throughout the mountains, there are more than 1,000 types of flowering plants as well as trees like the Douglas Fir. The highest elevations, however, are above the tree line and thus have lower vegetation like shrubs. The animals of the Rockies the elk, moose, bighorn sheep, mountain lion, bobcat and black bears among many others. For example, in Rocky Mountain National Park alone is populated by about 1,000 head of elk. At the highest elevations, there are populations of ptarmigan, marmot, and pika. References National Park Service. (29 June 2010). Rocky Mountain National Park - Nature and Science (U.S. National Park Service). Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/romo/learn/nature/index.htm Wikipedia. (4 July 2010). Rocky Mountains - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains

Case study (enron case) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case study (enron case) - Essay Example These should be in the form of compliance officers or corporate ethical committees that oversee the ethical conduct in the company. Portraying myself in the role of the fictional executive, I find that I face a dilemma in terms of whether I should report the instance of unethical behavior or keep it to myself. Considering the fact that I came across a conversation between senior executives regarding unethical behavior, I have to face up to the fact that I need to take a stand on whether I betray their confidence and blow the whistle or keep quiet and let the other employees of the company suffer along with the shareholders. This dilemma is compounded by the fact that I know for certain that unethical business practices are being followed at the very top and that I cannot remain mute and at the same time, I do not have the right channels to report the behavior. In this paper, I discuss the course of action that I should undertake with reference to various theories of moral behavior as well as provide explanations for the scenarios of whether I should report and why and whether I should not report and why. There are issues of conflict of interest in both the scenarios. If I chose not to blow the whistle, I might be doing so because I stand to benefit from the stock options that have been offered to me. If I chose to disclose, I might end up comprising my fellow executives as well as my own position in the process. Of course, the conflict of interest in not blowing the whistle is greater than the other scenario. With regards to Kantian moral theory, the best course of action would be to blow the whistle on the wrong doing that is going on in the company. Kantian theory states that one should do the right thing irrespective of the consequences. Hence, the right thing to do in this case would be to complain either to the top management

Trend analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trend analysis - Essay Example The clothing line is always in fashion and adjusted to the changing trends. In addition to this, the clothes and accessories are 100 % US made and their designing and manufacturing is not outsourced to other countries. 1. COUTURE CLASSIC: Couture classic is the main source of revenue for the company. It is targeted towards people who love distinctive fabric. The clothes are hand-tailored and cover tailored shirts, pants, vests and leather jackets. According to the company’s sales person, the collection is aimed for high stitching and high sewing. The clothes are custom made and designed according to the requirements of private clients. Keeping in view the company’s product line, the competition in the fashion industry of Los Angeles is very intense. The largest concentrations of fashion designers work in either California or New York. Los Angeles ranks as a global fashion center (industry information of fashion designers). It is the largest manufacturing area in the western U.S. and home of many top designers. A short look at the competitors of Couture, the clothing company is given below: 1. DOMESTIC COMPETITORS: The local competitors of couture are Juicy couture, Oscar de la Renta, Cherokee jeans, 1921 Denim, Butterfly dropout, Affliction clothing, Antic denim, Davinci clothing, Catch a fire clothing, Salvage, Smet clothing etc. These designers cover the â€Å"breadth of clothing lines† under their roofs (Los Angeles fashion industry profile 12) 2. INTERNATIONAL COMETITORS: The international labels competing in the fashion industry of LA, California are Nike, Crossroads, Armani, Levis, Adidas, Diesel, Dolce and Gabbana, Gucci, Armani, Versace, Fendi, Prada, Copula, Ebba etc. In addition to this, the retail and wholesale stores in LA fashion district has made the clothing industry much more competitive. Therefore, Couture has to use forward looking strategies

Is the cost of college too high Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is the cost of college too high - Essay Example Many argue that the fee structure in most of the colleges is utterly costly and is so designed to keep out the poor. Actually, it is not so. Students find colleges costly because they tend to approach education in an unorganized (Kaplan 36). Students can readily earn college credits by opting for advanced placement classes in their High Schools and accruing high scores on a range of standardized tests. Earning college credits can save students much money while pursuing a college education. One other argument that is put forward is that most of the top notch colleges have a way too high tuition fee and the education imparted by these colleges does not commensurate with their high fee structure. Well, realistically speaking, students should evaluate colleges on a cost to benefit basis (Bissonette 46). If the cost of education in a college is not at par with its fee structure, students could always relinquish such colleges and opt for institutions which extend value for what they pay (Bissonette 46). Students should opt for value instead of a snob appeal, while selecting colleges. Often, the payment capacity of the students is cited as an excuse for not being able to access college education. It is argued that many a times, students and parents end up in debt to seek college education. The reality is that there are many colleges with a low fee structure, which students can easily pay by working in summers and weekends. They can opt for affordable in state colleges that offer scholarships instead of costly private colleges (Tanabe & Tanabe 12). This way they can solicit quality college education without being a burden on their parents and without accruing debts. So the crux of the matter is that the cost of college education is not too high. Students can afford a good college education if they choose to be resourceful and planned. Earning college credits by opting for standardized tests in High Schools could significantly lower the

Comparing Short Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparing Short Stories - Essay Example Through the use of plot, tone, and irony, the authors were able to convey that during the realism era of France people were separated by the concepts of wealth and destitution, eventually succumbing to the fact that money never equated to happiness. Though the plots of both stories do differ from each other in the events that lead to their conclusions, they still share the same general idea: each male protagonist starts off with a comfortable life, perhaps not entirely rich, but with money enough to make them pleased with their lives. Due to circumstances, they each find themselves in a position that compromises this wealth and comfort. This is where the similarity ends. Monsieur Lantin sells off his late wife’s jewelry, making him incredibly rich. He dwells in this feeling, though eventually marries another woman who is angry and appalling. Rich he may be, but Lantin had lost his comfort of life. The banker, convinced that the young man would not see out his part of the bet, lives happily, spending money and losing it frivolously. When it becomes apparent that the banker will have to pay the young man, he realizes that he no longer has the money, and the only solution he can come upon is to kill the young man before the time is up. When he goes to perform this horrific deed, he comes upon a note from the young man stating that he despises what money does to people and says that he will not follow though with his part of the debt. The banker is relieved, though upset that he would even consider committing such a crime for money. These plot ideas show that, despite what these men were able to do with their money, they still ended up being morose. The tone of â€Å"The Jewels of M. Lantin†, at the beginning of the story, was cheerful and exuberant, as Monsieur Lantin proposed and lived happily married to one of the prettier girls of the the town. As the story went on, the tone changed to exasperation, then despair as his wife

Accessibility testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accessibility testing - Essay Example The society also helps researchers and engineers to contribute their findings and experiences through similar opportunities. An accessibility test was performed on the society’s website (www.spe.org) to determine the site’s usability across a number of parameters and to evaluate whether the site was accessible to people with various abilities. Some of the core criteria that were used to perform this test included site design, content and functionality. All test cases were constructed on the basis of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The purpose of testing the accessibility for the website is to perform a conformance evaluation of the site to determine whether the site meets industry guidelines such as the WCAG. While the site can be evaluated using automatic and semi-automatic testing tools like HTML Validation service or WAVE (Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool), it was decided to perform a manual evaluatio n of the website. The purpose of the manual method is to evaluate a webpage based on a list of checkpoints or criteria as specified under WCAG 1.0. The W3C recommends the use of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to evaluate a sample of web pages. For the purpose of this project, two different web browsers, namely Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) and Google Chrome (GC), served as the GUI for the accessibility tests. The following tests were performed to evaluate the website’s conformance to the WCAG (W3C, 2011): 1. Image test: Turned off the images and checked whether the alternate text was available. Method: (in IE) Tools ? Internet Options ? Advanced ? Uncheck ‘Show Pictures’. (In GC) Options ?under the Hood ? click ‘Content Settings’ under the Privacy tab ? select ‘Do not show any images’ under the ‘Images’ tab. 2. Sound test: Turned off the sound and checked whether the audio information was available through other alternatives like text or images. Method: Open Volume from quick tray, click ‘Mixer’ and click on ‘Mute Speakers’ 3. Font test: Changed the font size of the text on the various controls in the webpage and evaluated if the site was still usable for larger font sizes. Method: Hold CTRL key and move the mouse wheel up or down to increase or decrease the font size respectively. 4. Resolution test: Tested the pages under various screen resolutions to determine whether any scrolling was required to navigate across the web page. Method: On Windows 7 machines, click ‘Show Desktop’ icon, right click on any part of the screen and select ‘Screen Resolution’. Modify the screen resolution in the resulting dialog. 5. Color contrast test: Changed the screen color to Grayscale and determined whether the color contrast in the web page was still sufficient. Method: Open ‘Calibrate Display Color’ from the Control panel and change color settings in the fields pro vided. 6. Keyboard accessibility test: Attempted to navigate across the page controls using the keyboard (especially using the TAB key) alone. Determined if the site was navigable without the use of a mouse. Method: load the webpage and use the keyboard for all navigation and interaction with the webpage. 7. Backend Content test: Disabled all style sheets, scripts and applets and evaluated whether the site was working as expected. Method: (in IE) Tools ? Security ? click ‘Internet’ in the zone section ? click ‘Custom Level’ ? Scroll down to ‘Scripting’ ? disable ‘Active Scripting’. (In GC) Options ?under the Hood ? click ‘Content Settings’ under the Privacy tab ? select ‘Do not allow any site to run JavaScript’ under the ‘JavaScript’ tab. Results The following table summarizes the results for the

Three things i learned after i came to USA as a international student Essay

Three things i learned after i came to USA as a international student from china are independence, self-control and know more about the cultural diversity - Essay Example And more importantly, in today’s world, it is difficult to expect that an act of violence will not receive the similar treatment from the victim. In other words, violence creates violence. In order to avoid this savage behavior and to support and work for the collective coexistence, it is highly essential that difference must not be used as a point for hatred but it should be celebrated as a form of diversity. United States of America is a multi-cultural society where people from different countries, different nations and from different ethnic, social, social and economic and religious backgrounds live together (Chandra and Mahajan 31). And this experience has been very unique and interesting for me for various reasons as I have made so many local friends and have experienced that such negative attitudes are not common as they are told, informed and considered internationally. For example, internationally it is assumed that both China and the United States of America do not have friendly or cordial relations as both do not have similar or favorable attitudes towards each other. And more interestingly, the global media and the national media do not take time to portray this type of relationship between America and China in such a way to highlight intense and deep animosity between them. Consequently, people living in countries follow media and nurture hatred against each others. In other w ords, there are certain â€Å"vested interests† who earn through fuelling negative sentiment in the relationship between both countries. However, the ground reality is always totally different. Before coming to the United States, the effect of such media news was very much on my mind and the subsequent result was that I was unable to have positive and constructive opinion about people. Later on, after entering into the United States, my mindset suddenly changed after meeting with my American

Accessibility testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accessibility testing - Essay Example The society also helps researchers and engineers to contribute their findings and experiences through similar opportunities. An accessibility test was performed on the society’s website (www.spe.org) to determine the site’s usability across a number of parameters and to evaluate whether the site was accessible to people with various abilities. Some of the core criteria that were used to perform this test included site design, content and functionality. All test cases were constructed on the basis of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The purpose of testing the accessibility for the website is to perform a conformance evaluation of the site to determine whether the site meets industry guidelines such as the WCAG. While the site can be evaluated using automatic and semi-automatic testing tools like HTML Validation service or WAVE (Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool), it was decided to perform a manual evaluatio n of the website. The purpose of the manual method is to evaluate a webpage based on a list of checkpoints or criteria as specified under WCAG 1.0. The W3C recommends the use of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to evaluate a sample of web pages. For the purpose of this project, two different web browsers, namely Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) and Google Chrome (GC), served as the GUI for the accessibility tests. The following tests were performed to evaluate the website’s conformance to the WCAG (W3C, 2011): 1. Image test: Turned off the images and checked whether the alternate text was available. Method: (in IE) Tools ? Internet Options ? Advanced ? Uncheck ‘Show Pictures’. (In GC) Options ?under the Hood ? click ‘Content Settings’ under the Privacy tab ? select ‘Do not show any images’ under the ‘Images’ tab. 2. Sound test: Turned off the sound and checked whether the audio information was available through other alternatives like text or images. Method: Open Volume from quick tray, click ‘Mixer’ and click on ‘Mute Speakers’ 3. Font test: Changed the font size of the text on the various controls in the webpage and evaluated if the site was still usable for larger font sizes. Method: Hold CTRL key and move the mouse wheel up or down to increase or decrease the font size respectively. 4. Resolution test: Tested the pages under various screen resolutions to determine whether any scrolling was required to navigate across the web page. Method: On Windows 7 machines, click ‘Show Desktop’ icon, right click on any part of the screen and select ‘Screen Resolution’. Modify the screen resolution in the resulting dialog. 5. Color contrast test: Changed the screen color to Grayscale and determined whether the color contrast in the web page was still sufficient. Method: Open ‘Calibrate Display Color’ from the Control panel and change color settings in the fields pro vided. 6. Keyboard accessibility test: Attempted to navigate across the page controls using the keyboard (especially using the TAB key) alone. Determined if the site was navigable without the use of a mouse. Method: load the webpage and use the keyboard for all navigation and interaction with the webpage. 7. Backend Content test: Disabled all style sheets, scripts and applets and evaluated whether the site was working as expected. Method: (in IE) Tools ? Security ? click ‘Internet’ in the zone section ? click ‘Custom Level’ ? Scroll down to ‘Scripting’ ? disable ‘Active Scripting’. (In GC) Options ?under the Hood ? click ‘Content Settings’ under the Privacy tab ? select ‘Do not allow any site to run JavaScript’ under the ‘JavaScript’ tab. Results The following table summarizes the results for the

My Personal Management Plan Essay Example for Free

My Personal Management Plan Essay This plan will help with the discipline aspect of the classroom and helping students know what expectations are when entering into the classroom if done on a consistent basis. In the beginning of the school expectation should be given so that students are aware of the goals that are expected of them collectively and individually. With this classroom management plan there are a few things that should be taken into consideration in order for the plan to be of success. Shown below are a few steps that could be used in the classroom: Step 1, It’s Easier to get Easier, Step 2, Fairness is key, Step 3, Deal with disruption in the classroom as little as possible, Step 4, Avoid confrontation in front of students, Step 5, Stop disruptions with a little humor, Step 6, Keep High Expectation in your Classroom, Step 7, Over plan, Step 8, Be Consistent, Step 9, Make Rules Understandable and Step 10, Start everyday fresh. Having a classroom management plan set in place for your classroom will give students goals to look forward to accomplish with taking their education seriously for their future. My Personal Classroom Management Plan My personal management plan will start off with a motivational quote of the day that will encourage students daily. With this motivational quote daily will be followed along with the ten steps that makes up a successful classroom management plan. The first step is called it’s easier to get easier and this is simply setting the tone of your classroom day one with your students because believe it or not students come in scoping to see what they can and cannot get away with in their classroom. Secondly, fairness is key this is making sure that all students are treated the same overall unconditionally because they pick up on favoritism within the classroom. Thirdly, deal with disruptions with as little interruption as possible. This is saying instead of stopping completely in the middle of your lesson to chastise a student for not paying attention try calling on the student with a question in reference to what the class discussion is to alert them that you do see them off task and this should help them get back on task. Fourthly, it is important to avoid confrontations in front of students even though in some cases you can make your point that way but every disciplinary action should be handled on a personal note so that you don’t lose a chance of teaching that student because of embarrassment. Fifthly, stop disruptions with a little humor. Sometimes classrooms can seem so serious all the time and even though that student may have disturbed the flow of the teaching the class may need that moment of laughter to break the ice for second and then get back on track. Sixthly, keep high expectations in your classroom. Always expect nothing but the best from your students academically. Expect nothing but positive behavior in the classroom. Expect for your students to know that there is a time and place for everything and that they know when to determine that time at the sound of your voice when you start the day off with what the expectations are for the day. Seventhly, over plan each day so that there is no free time for the classroom to go another route in a way that you do not intend for you class to go. There is never too much work on one topic just in case the lesson doesn’t go as long as intended you will always have extra activities. Eighthly, be consistent being consistent is what makes the flow of the classroom go smoothly throughout the day and throughout the school year. As a teacher being strict one day and lenient the next day will cause for your students to lose respect for you and will tend to now try and run over you because they now feel like they can get away with misbehavior. Ninthly, make rules understandable, all rules should be short simple and precised of what is expected and what is not expected of them and consequences should be known ahead of time so that no surprises are made and when inappropriate actions are made they already know what is going to happen to them because of that action. Last but not least, start fresh every day, each day is a new day and should be handled in such a manner no action from the day before should role over into the next day. Me as a Teacher!!! As an educator I see myself as a positive role that students can look up to. As an positive role model I must conduct myself with a positive and respectful attitude. My students will know the importance of giving respect to receive respect and this is something that I go by no matter what the age is everyone deserves respect. I see myself as an educator that is passionate about what it is that I do. I want nothing but the best for my students and want to see each and every one of them prosper in success with their future endeavors. As a teacher I feel that it is my duty to go the extra mile in making sure that they are successful to face society and whatever else that may be put up against. As an educator it is my duty to nurture and love these students as if they were my own being that they are with me majority of the time in a day and five days of the seven days in a week. It is important for me to understand that all students are not coming from positive households and to make the time at school meaningful and worthwhile that there is hope and another look of life than what they may see each day when leaving school. It is my duty to be a responsible leader and educator because I have influential students’ lives in my hand. What’s expected from the Students!!! What I have come to realize is that students/ children like structure. It is important for them to know that they cannot run over their teacher or any adult. Everyday my students will be greeted and at the starting of the class they will be reminded of classroom expectations. Students will be required and held accountable for the following responsibilities: †¢ Self- Control †¢ Positive attitude as a person and in the classroom overall †¢ Saying I CAN’T is not an option †¢ Quitting is not an option when something is challenging †¢ Respect one another as they respect all adults Respect their classroom as their learning academic environment space †¢ Encourage one another!!! Atmosphere of the Classroom!!! It is important to make sure that your classroom is conducive for learning. This is simply having your classroom free of clutter. If the classroom is chaotic with mess and everything is all over the place then nine time out of ten then students and t he classroom will be ran in chaos because the brain is clouded with the unorganized materials that is around the individuals. Classrooms should display the way of learning that students take on. As the leader of your classroom sanctuary it is important that you make sure the atmosphere is positive, welcoming and comfortable for your students. Student Conduct!!! It is important that you get your students to understand the importance of their education, how valuable it is and beneficial for their future. Students must know how to conduct there selves accordingly in how they want others to see them as behaved students. I believe when students are included in making decisions in the classroom that you get a different response from them as a hold. This gives students a responsibility and makes them feel included in how they believe the classroom should be run. This helps to cherish the rules more in the classroom because they feel that they had something to do with the decision made for the rules. It is important to make sure that lessons are exciting to your students so that the lessons keep their attention throughout. Behavior Intervention Strategies!!! Behavioral strategies are very important because all students are not going to behave in a way that you expect for them to behave. In some cases you always have one student that want to see how far they can push you with their behavior. With this plan you can nip it in a bud right away and let them know that their behavior is unacceptable and will not be tolerated in the classroom. Also, there are positive and negative behaviors that either needs to reprimand or praised for what it is that they have done. Strategies that can be used are as follow: †¢ Rewarding a student when they have followed instructions or done something that was worth bringing attention to so that they know what it is that they you are expecting from them. †¢ Being consistent with consequences when rules are broken. †¢ Be mindful that some students do things because they need that extra attention that they may not be getting at home from their parents. †¢ Always, be ready for change in case the way you intended to correct a situation does not work with this particular student. Introducing the Plan!!! Introducing the classroom management plan to the classroom will simply discuss expectations of them as a group and individually. They will know and understand that our academics will not be taken lightly and should be done to the best of their ability. They know in the beginning that we all will respect one another collectively and no one will be disrespected in the classroom. This plan will be presented at the beginning of the school year to the parents and the students and expectations will start each school day so that students know that I am serious and take what it is that I do serious as well. Overall, having a classroom management plan in place for your classroom will help the day by day and school years go so much smoother. Not only having the plan makes the classroom run smoother but being consistent with what you stand by keeps students in place and in line and have a better success rate. It is important and okay for your students to know that you will do whatever it takes for them to above level but they must do their part as well and that’s with will power, courage and motivation.

The Pros And Cons Of Theory In Family Nursing Nursing Essay

The Pros And Cons Of Theory In Family Nursing Nursing Essay Humanistic nursing embraces more than a benevolent technically competent subject- object one-way relationship guided by a nurse in behalf of another. Rather it dictates that nursing is a responsible searching, transactional relationship whose meaningfulness demands conceptualization founded on a nurses existential awareness of self and of the other (Paterson Zderad, 2008) dduncan2011-02-24T17:28:00 Great quote, you need to include a page numberIn Patersons and Zderads Humanistic Nursing, they believe that nursing is more than having a technical approach to patients, but also to have a self-awareness of themselves and inquire into their experiences with patients. Paterson and Zderad suggest that nurses have a personal knowing that they can apply to there everyday practice experience. The Humanistic Nursing Theory is one of the many theories that can help shape a nurses actions and guide their practice. The Humanist Theory was developed by Dr. Josephine Paterson and Dr. Loretta Zderad. Dr. Patersons education background included a doctor of nursing science degree and a major in public health. Dr. Zderad education background included a doctorate in philosophy while majoring in psychiatric nursing. Similarly, their dissertation papers focused on comfort and empathy. During the 1950s they had met while working at a University. Together, they developed a new program that integrated psychiatric and community health components. This experience was the beginning of there friendship that lasted more than 35 years (Paterson Zderad, 2008). Having similar education backgrounds, they shared their experiences and insights. Together they gained a new perspective and approach to nursing that led them into created the Humanistic Nursing theory. In 1976, they published their book called Humanistic Nursing. The philosophic ideas that formed the two theorists view was nurses have an intuitive knowing and by reflecting on their experiences and gaining more awareness of themselves, they are then able to inquire more into their practice. dduncan2011-02-24T17:29:00 Grammar issues The Humanistic Theory defines the focus of family nursing by creating an interconnection between the nurse and patient or family. As the nurse gains awareness of their own perspective of the patients situation, the nurse is then able to withhold his/her viewpoint so that they dont interfere in the patient describing their experience. Through identifying and withholding personal viewpoints, the nurse is more open to new and different concepts. In turn, the nurse gains more understanding of the individuals perspective and is better able to understand the patient more intuitively.dduncan2011-02-24T17:31:00 Stephanie, you need to reference these ideas as they are clearly not yours Using intuition allows the nurse to communicate from an authentic perspective where the patient is empathetically heard. The nurse is better able to present himself/herself as a real and genuine individual. Furthermore, the humanistic theory suggests that openness, sharing and caring leads to (the) expansion of (an) individual or (a) groups angular views (where) each (are) becoming more than before (Paterson Zderad, 2008). As patients feel accepted and cared for, a bond is established. Through effective communication the patient is better able to understand themselves, thus allowing an opportunity for them to grow. When patients feel empathetically heard, it becomes more possible for them to listen more accurately to the flow of inner experiences (Rogers, p.116, 1995). Through intuitive understanding and back and forth communication, patients and nurses are better able to connect with each other. While establishing relationships with families is an important prospect in nursing, nurses also have to keep up with the rapid changing health care system. An underlying truth in nursing today is that nursing has become more technical. Due to a fast paced health care environment and rapid technical advances, nurses are pressured to keep up with the rapid changing health care system. As a result, the nurses relationship with the patient is sometimes overlooked (Kleiman, 2008). Not only are nurses impacted by constant changing technology, they are also influenced by the governments decrease in funding of the health care system. Due to cut backs, hospitals have limited resources and support for services which can result in increased nursing workloads. Nurses who work in environments with limited resources may find their experiences emotionally challenging (McCloskey, 2010, p.234). Nurses create a barrier with themselves and patients when they feel stress and anxiety. Due to stress and technical advances, nurses may find difficulty in establishing genuine therapeutic relationships with patients; thus preventing them from practicing the Humanistic Theory. While there are underlining truths in nuring that may limit connection with others, the Humanistic Theory enables me to become more aware of my true self. Through reflection, I am able to go inwards and gain understanding of my attitudes and belief systems. Individuals have within themselves vast resources for self-understanding and for altering their self-concepts, basic attitudes, and self-directed behaviours (Rogers, 1995, p115). Understanding that some of my behaviours may be hindering my progress in establishing a therapeutic relationship with patients, I can take action and change these behaviours. The Humanistic Theory helps me understand that my perspective of the patients experience may be different from the patients perspective; thus hindering my authentic presence with the patient. Having self-awareness and taking action, enables me to feel more empowered. Through gaining more awareness and making changes, the Humanistic Theory provides individuals an opportunity for personal growth. In relation to personal growth, the Humanistic Theory enables me to reflect more on my nursing practice and to have a broader perspective on situations. Through reflection of my experiences, I am able to identify my strengths and weakness that may be holding me back in developing therapeutic relationships with patients. The Humanistic Theory enable me to become more aware of my habits of thinking. Furthermore, the Humanistic Theory influences me to reflect and change my beliefs; thus allowing me to have a more positive and accepting attitude towards patients. In turn, my genuine attitude influences patients to feel genuinely accepted and truly heard; thus providing an opportunity for them to grow. Humanism requires nurses to develop relationships with patients that are grounded on empathic understanding. This process necessitates an acceptance of the individuality of each person and each encounter (Scalon, p.760, 2006). Through understanding the patient more effectively, I am better able to provide nursing care that is more congruent with where the patient is at in life. When I am presently in the moment with a patient, I am able to communicate authentically to them and feel genuinely empathetic towards them. The experience not only benefits them, but also offers personal fulfillment and growth for myself. Without resistance, I am able to communicate more effectively and have more understanding toward others; therefore, I feel more compassionate and am able to project unconditional love towards others. I can make a difference in ones life. Not only does the humanistic theory allow me to be more compassionate with patients, but also with staff members. Being authentic and genuine with coworkers, I am able to establish a respectful relationships and create a more interconnected work environment. Through creating connections with individuals within the hospital, a community can be establish. Creating an integrated community will help promote an environment with compassionate communication. In relation to compassionate communication, my personal beliefs are very much similar to the Humanistic Theory approach. I believe that each individual has their own limitations and barriers that prevent them from establishing an authentic connection with others. By identifying those barriers, they can heal themselves and undergo personal growth to become more present in the moment. Many individuals may not be aware that they themselves are hindering their own relationships with others and even themselves. Similarly to the humanistic theory, by reflecting daily on our behaviours, especially the ones that cause discomfort in us, we can gain a better understanding of why we act that certain way. For myself, I enjoy reflecting daily in my journal. I reflect about situations that occur in my life and identify certain patterns in my behaviour. Through reflection, I am able to describe how I felt in the experience and what it reminded me of in the past. I realize that how I felt and how I reacted in the experience, was a trigger from a past hurt that I had not completely healed from. Having awareness of my experience is similar to the Humanistic theory perspective. Furthermore, as long as I remain unhealed, I will continue to project my past issues into the present moment; thus creating a barrier in establishing an authentic relationship with others. Similarly to the humanistic theory, I also believe that I can make changes in myself and grow as an individual. As I reflect and become more aware of myself, I can choose to make changes. As a result, I become more evolved and in tune with my inner being where I feel more enlightened and empowered in life. Some of my experiences that are congruent with the Humanistic Theory include my relationships with friends. For instance, when a friend calls me to talk about a difficult time that they are going through, it is only when I am fully present in the moment, I am able to empathize and support them through their experience. In relation to the humanistic theory, the theory suggests that when one is intuitively aware and present, then they can be genuinely empathetic. At times, when I am not present in the moment, my mind is elsewhere and I miss the opportunity to be truly authentic and to hear my friends feelings. I miss the opportunity to be truly there for them and to see them go through there ups and downs in life. Similarly to the humanistic theory, one may have barriers that are withholding them from being able to experience another individuals perspective. Through my awareness, I can prevent this situation from happening and create full filling and memorable experiences with friends. I feel that the actions this theory directs me to take are in the best interests of families in a clinical setting. Through my past clinical experiences, I have had the opportunity to experience an application of the humanistic nursing theory. The theory is in the best interest of the family because it encourages professionals to reflect on their practice and learn from their experiences with families. By become more aware of themselves in situations with families, nurses are then better able to identify their own barriers in the relationships. Through awareness and intuitive knowing, nurses are then able to inquire more about the family; thus the family will feel more understood and better able to communicate there needs. Effective communication between the nurse and family encourages trust and openness leading to a therapeutic relationship.

Dreams in Death of a Salesman. Essay -- English Literature

Dreams in Death of a Salesman. In this essay I’m going to consider Arthur Miller’s perception of dreams, particularly the American Dream. Arthur Miller's play "Death of a Salesman" is a detailed review on the capitalist American society of the 1940s and also on human psychology and how much materialistic success means to us. He uses the misfortunes of a salesman named Willy Loman to illustrate this. Miller introduces the Loman family in a depressing mood (dim lighting is used and shows a house that has "towering, angular shapes" surrounding it and with little furniture). This immediately gives the audience a glum feeling about the play. The Loman family is a very stereotypical American family, with the father, Willy, working all day, a loving mother, Linda, and two children, Biff and Happy. As the play develops however, we learn more and more about the real tragedy of the family. Willy believes in the American dream. It was very influential in the American society of the 1940s and still is to some people, today. But only a few people have benefited from it. The American dream is based on the idea that as long as someone works hard, they will achieve great success no matter what their sex, age, nationality is. As the audience learn about the Loman family's poor financial situation, it becomes clear that Willy is a victim of the American dream. Willy's failure in leading a rich or even just a comfortable life is very apparent. He complains about his work and struggles to pay his bills. He is also frequently shown in a state of depression, he cannot concentrate when driving; he is still working at his old age and is struggling to bring in a steady income. His unstable mind makes him contradict himself in th... ...fridge fails. Arthur Miller seems to see her, not Ben, as the real hero of the play. This is reflected in the gentle respect he gives to her in his writing. This play is a strong message against the principle of the "American Dream". Willy Loman is constantly striving to achieve the dream, but drives himself crazy. Biff seems to be the only character in the Loman family that is able to set himself aside from this dream, wanting only to be happy - his own man. Although I believe dreams to be an important, if not essential part of life, I also believe that contentment is far more important. If you cannot be happy with what you have, you cannot possibly hope to be happy with what you wish for. Willy Loman dreams of becoming a great man, dreams of the great man he was and dreams of the great man Biff can be, he just fails to realise that they are great men.

Of Mice And Men Essay On Loneliness -- essays research papers

In the novel Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck looks at the theme of loneliness as it affects many characters on the ranch. Crooks, Curley's wife, and Candy are the most excluded characters on the ranch, because they all have dreams that they will not be able to live out and they all are at loss when it came to companionship. Crooks is lonely because he is the only black man on the ranch. Since this book is set during the Depression, Jim Crow laws are still in effect, whites and blacks had separate facilities for socializing and living. Crooks comments that he can't live in the bunkhouse, and cant even play cards in there. "I cant' play because I'm black. They say I stink."(68) This quote illustrates that Crooks feels the pain of rejection more that he let's people see. In fact, Crooks protects himself by acting like a "proud and aloof man."(67) The full extent of Crooks's suffering is made clear in chapter 4 when Crooks lashes out at Lennie. Viewing Lennie as a symbol of all the white men who had hurt him, Crooks strikes out in anger, saying "You got no right to come in my room...Nobody got any right in here but me."(68) Steinbeck states that "Crooks's face lighted with pleasure in his torture."(71) Crooks's anger, though, is really just a cover for the pain he experiences from constant isolation. "A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody ... A guy gets too lonely and he gets sick."(73) This desire to have a connection is apparent later in the scene when Crooks hears Lennie and Candy's plan to buy a little ranch. Wistfully, he suggests, "If you guys want a hand to work for nothing, just his keep, why Id come and lend a hand."(76) No matter how hard Crooks may try to hide the hurt he feels, he clearly would like to be included in this venture with the other men. Crooks's dream, however, lasts only for a few minutes. When Curley's wife threatens Crooks with a lynching, he quickly remembers the terrible reality of his situation . Steinbeck writes "Crooks had reduced himself to nothing. There was no personality, no ego - his voice was toneless."(81) The character of Crooks reflects the universal need for human connection as well as the brutalizing effects of racial prejudice. Like Crooks, Curley's wife is very lonely, but she is lonely for different reasons. Like Crooks Curley's wife suffers from... ...ion. But Candy gets some life back in him when he hears George and Lennie talking about their dream farm. Hearing this gives Candy a reason to live. He would love to join George and Lennie on there farm and he even tells them that he'll give them money to help finance it "I aint't much good with on'y one hand. I lost my hand right here on this ranch...an' they give me two hunderd an' fifty dollars ‘cause I los' my hand. An' I got fifty more saved up right in the bank, right now...and I got fifty more more comin... S'pose I went in with you guys. Tha's three hundred an' fifty bucks I'd put in."(59) When George agrees to let Candy jump on the wagon and join the farm, you can tell Candy is extremely pleased. But with death of Lennie the dream of the farm dies to. Like the other characters Candy's dream was stolen from him. Candy's character was lonely because he needed human contact but his only companion was his dog which was killed. Loneliness affected many characters in John Steinbecks novel, Of Mice and Men. Crooks, Curley's wife and Candy were affected the most by this loneliness because none of them had a real companion and all of them had dreams which were shattered.

Miss Caroline

When I woke up I took a shower then I reckon that I should have a cup of Joe. As soon as I ate breakfast I thought to my self that I have to teach the students of May-comb. And that girl that they call scout, after that I planed what I was going to wear to school I picked out a beautiful dress. I when to the bathroom to brush my hair and my teeth. Well, my first day on the job this year wasn't how I expected. In fact, it was a terrible day. My students this year are so disrespectful! I have some little girl whose father teaches her how to read and write.I confronted her about it telling her kindly to have her father not teach her anymore, so we could start off fresh to a new year of teaching, and she lies to me! Apparently her father does not teach her anything, but I ain't buying it! No one even learns about writing until the 3rd grade that is without the help of another person. She was even giving me lip about another person! That Walter kid or whatever his name was. The least he c ould have done was accept my damn quarter! I had to whip Scout or else she was going to give me more lip. That wasn't even the worst of my troubles today!Some little kid named Burris shows up to class with lice in his damn hair! After I told him to take the day off too clean him, he stated that he's only here for the first day. Thank god. But after that, he starts yelling at me and having an attitude. I told him that if he doesn't leave the class immediately then I was going to call the principal. He started saying some really offense language to me that really hurt me. Thankly after he was done, he left. This crap better not is going on for the rest of this year. That girl is eventually going to tell me the truth about her father teaching her or not.If she doesn't and I find out, there will be consequences. Today I was walking past one of my students Burris Ewell and I noticed he had cooties! I didn't even know what one was until a kind boy named Little Chuck Little explained that it was a cootie. He kindly got me a glass of water and once I had recovered I sent Burris Ewell home and gave him a remedy to get rid of his cooties I didn't want to other children or even myself to catch them! Oh well, I suppose that you learn something new every day. That's what I tell my students. I'm not that surprised he got cooties though he is quite dirty.But, that's not all that shocked me about this boy though. I found out that he and his whole family only came to school on the first day, and then never came again for the rest of the year. Burris Ewell was extremely rude to me and unfortunately I started to cry in front of my class but they were very kind to me. They comforted me and then asked me to read them a story. I'm glad that they enjoy my stories – I do have fun reading to them. I really like my pupils and I'm glad to have them as I really do love teaching. Today was very eventful and I could write so much more but someone's knocking on my door.In the city I saw of maycomb Depression meant only that the bad times that had been going on for decades got a little bit worse. These rural areas had long been poor and undeveloped. Black people worked for low wages in the fields. White farmers were more likely to own land, but they were cash poor. It was common for children to go to school barefoot, and to suffer from ringworm and other diseases. Although automobiles had been around for some years, most farm families still depended on horses for transportation and to plow their fields.